The PSAT 8/9 is most students' first meeting with the SAT Suite, and its Reading and Writing questions lean on vocabulary from the very first passage — if you don't understand the words, the questions get much harder. This list collects 479 foundational words for 8th and 9th graders, each with its part of speech and a plain-English definition.
Every guide is a printable PDF — 479 words grouped by meaning, free to download, no account needed.
The PSAT 8/9 measures the reading and writing skills the whole SAT Suite is built on, and vocabulary runs through all of it. Words appear in the passages you interpret and in the answer choices you weigh — understanding them is often the difference between a confident answer and a lucky guess.
The PSAT 8/9 uses the same digital, adaptive format as the rest of the SAT Suite — see our PSAT format guide for the full structure. Vocabulary isn't tested in isolation: it shows up in the context of short passages in the Reading and Writing modules.
Words in Context questions ask you to pick the word or phrase that best completes a passage, which means you're judged on how a word functions in a sentence, not just what it means. Unfamiliar words also appear inside the passages themselves, where you're expected to work out their meaning from the surrounding text.
The difficulty is set for 8th and 9th graders, so the words are foundational rather than obscure — but they compound. The same vocabulary style carries through the PSAT 10, the PSAT/NMSQT, and the SAT, so words learned now keep paying off for years.
Start with the themed guides below rather than the alphabetical list — words stick far better when they're learned in meaning-groups. Study one theme per session, read each example sentence aloud, and use the memory cues to anchor the definitions.
For the bigger picture, our PSAT 8/9 course covers every question type on the exam, and the PSAT 8/9 score calculator shows how raw scores convert. Not sure which PSAT you should be taking? See which PSAT to take. When you're ready to look ahead, the SAT vocabulary guides continue these same themes at the next level.
The word list below is alphabetical, which is the wrong order to learn in — words stick far better in meaning-groups. So we publish the full vocabulary as 30 printable guides, each covering one theme: everything about certainty and doubt in one place, everything about cause and effect in another. Every guide gives each word its part of speech, a plain-English definition, an example sentence, and a memory cue — free, no account, no email.
Open a theme to read its full word list on this site, or take the PDF and print it. To browse the guides visually, the guide index shows every cover.
479 foundational PSAT 8/9 words with parts of speech and definitions — a quick reference, in alphabetical order. For examples and memory cues, open a word's theme above.
abstractadjective — existing in thought but not having physical existence
abundantadjective — existing in large quantities; plentiful
acceptverb — to receive willingly or agree to something offered
acceptableadjective — meeting the required standards; satisfactory
accessibleadjective — easy to approach, reach, or use
accommodateverb — to provide space or lodging for; to adjust to meet needs
accomplishedadjective — highly trained or skilled
accountnoun — a report or description of events; a financial record
accuracynoun — the quality of being correct or precise
acknowledgedverb — recognized or accepted as true or valid
acquireverb — to obtain or gain possession of something
acquiredverb — obtained or gained possession of something
adaptverb — to adjust or modify to suit new conditions
adequateadjective — satisfactory or acceptable in quality
adjustedverb — altered or modified to fit new circumstances
admireverb — to regard with respect and approval
advertisingnoun — the activity of producing promotions for commercial products or services
aestheticadjective — concerned with beauty or art
aggressiveadjective — ready to attack or confront; forceful in pursuit of goals
agreementsnoun — arrangements or understandings between parties
alarmedadjective — feeling frightened or worried about potential danger
alterverb — to change or make different
amongpreposition — surrounded by; in the company of
amountnoun — a quantity or sum of something
ampleadjective — enough or more than enough; plentiful
amusingadjective — causing laughter or providing entertainment
animatedadjective — full of life or excitement; lively
announcedverb — made a public or formal declaration
apologizeverb — to express regret for a mistake or wrongdoing
appreciatedverb — recognized the value or significance of something
appropriateadjective — suitable or proper for a particular situation
approvedverb — officially accepted or sanctioned
arbitraryadjective — based on random choice rather than reason
arguingverb — exchanging diverging views in a heated manner
arrivingverb — reaching a destination or coming to a place
arrogantadjective — having an exaggerated sense of one's importance
ascendverb — to go up or climb
assembleverb — to gather together or put parts together
assignedverb — allocated or designated for a particular task
attachedadjective — joined or connected to something
attractverb — to draw interest or attention toward something
attractiveadjective — pleasing to look at; appealing
authenticadjective — of undisputed origin; genuine
availableadjective — ready for use or accessible
awkwardadjective — causing difficulty or discomfort; clumsy
basicadjective — forming an essential foundation; fundamental
boldadjective — showing courage and confidence; daring (also: showing a willingness to take risks)
borrowverb — to take and use something with the intention of returning it
briefadjective — of short duration
candidadjective — truthful and straightforward; frank
carefuladjective — taking caution to avoid mistakes or danger
carryingverb — transporting or holding something while moving
catalognoun — a complete list of items arranged systematically
causenoun — something that produces an effect or result
celebratedadjective — widely known and praised; honored with festivities
centraladjective — of greatest importance; principal
certainadjective — known for sure; established beyond doubt
chaoticadjective — in a state of complete confusion
charitableadjective — generous in giving to those in need
chooseverb — to select from available options
chronicadjective — persisting for a long time or constantly recurring
citedverb — quoted or referenced as evidence or authority
collaborationnoun — working together with others to achieve a goal
collectedadjective — gathered together; calm and composed
combinedverb — joined together to form a single unit
comeverb — to move toward or arrive at a place
comfortingadjective — providing solace or reassurance
commandnoun — an authoritative order or instruction
committedadjective — dedicated to a cause or activity
commonadjective — occurring frequently; shared by many
compactadjective — closely and neatly packed together
competentadjective — having sufficient skill or knowledge to perform a task (also: having the necessary ability or skills)
complainingverb — expressing dissatisfaction or annoyance
complaintnoun — an expression of dissatisfaction or grievance
completedverb — finished; brought to an end
complexitynoun — the state of having many interconnected parts
compliancenoun — the act of conforming to rules or requirements
complicatedadjective — consisting of many interconnecting parts; difficult to understand
complimentverb — to politely express praise or admiration
compoundadjective — made up of multiple parts; to make something worse
concealverb — to hide or keep secret
concealedadjective — hidden from view; kept secret (also: kept from sight; hidden)
concernnoun — a matter of interest or importance; worry
concerningadjective — causing worry; relating to
concernsnoun — matters of interest or worry
concludeverb — to bring to an end; to reach a decision through reasoning
condemnverb — to express complete disapproval of
conditionnoun — the state of something; a requirement for something else
conditionsnoun — circumstances affecting the way people live or work
confidentadjective — having strong belief in oneself or something (also: feeling certain about something)
confinedadjective — restricted or limited to a particular area (also: restricted in area or volume)
confirmverb — to establish the truth or correctness of something
confusingadjective — difficult to understand; bewildering
conquerverb — to overcome and take control of
consensusnoun — general agreement among a group
consequencenoun — a result or effect of an action
consistentadjective — acting or done in the same way over time; unchanging
constantadjective — occurring continuously; unchanging
contentadjective — in a state of peaceful happiness
continuousadjective — forming an unbroken whole; without interruption
controversialadjective — causing public disagreement or debate
controversynoun — prolonged public disagreement or debate
convertverb — to change from one form or function to another
conveyverb — to communicate or express an idea or feeling
convincedadjective — completely certain about something
cooperativeadjective — willing to work together
correctadjective — free from error; accurate
correspondingadjective — analogous or equivalent in character
corruptadjective — willing to act dishonestly for personal gain
costlyadjective — expensive; causing significant loss or damage
countingverb — determining the total number of something
courageousadjective — not deterred by danger or pain
covertadjective — not openly acknowledged or displayed
cowardlyadjective — lacking courage
createverb — to bring something into existence
createdverb — brought into existence
creatingverb — bringing something into existence
creativeadjective — having the ability to produce original ideas
credibleadjective — able to be believed; convincing
criterianoun — standards by which something is judged or decided
criticaladjective — expressing disapproval; extremely important
criticismnoun — the expression of disapproval based on perceived faults
criticizeverb — to express disapproval of someone or something
crucialadjective — of great importance; critical
crudeadjective — in a natural state; lacking refinement
cunningadjective — having skill in achieving one's ends by deceit
dangerousadjective — able or likely to cause harm or injury
daringadjective — adventurous or audaciously bold
decidingverb — making a choice or reaching a conclusion about something
decisionnoun — a conclusion or resolution reached after consideration
decorationsnoun — ornaments or embellishments used to make something look more attractive
delayedverb — made late or slow; postponed
delicateadjective — easily broken or damaged; requiring careful handling
demandingadjective — requiring much skill, effort, or attention
demandsnoun/verb — insistent requests or requirements; asks for forcefully
democraticadjective — supporting or practicing democracy
deniedverb — refused to admit the truth of; rejected a request
denyingverb — refusing to admit or acknowledge something; rejecting
depletedverb — used up or exhausted the supply of
derivedverb — obtained or developed from a source or origin
describeverb — to give an account of something by stating its characteristics
describedverb — gave an account of something by stating its characteristics
determinedverb/adjective — having made a firm decision; resolved; having discovered through investigation
developverb — to grow or cause to grow more mature, advanced, or elaborate
developedverb — grew or caused to grow more mature, advanced, or elaborate
directedverb — guided or aimed toward a particular direction or purpose
discoververb — to find or learn something for the first time
discoveredverb — found or learned something for the first time
discoverynoun — the act of finding or learning something new; something that has been found
discretionnoun — the quality of behaving in a way that avoids causing offense; freedom to decide
discussedverb — talked about something with others; considered by talking
disguisenoun/verb — to give a different appearance to conceal identity; a means of concealment
displayedverb — showed or exhibited something for others to see
disputenoun/verb — a disagreement or argument; to argue or question the truth of something
distantadjective — far away in space or time; not closely related; reserved in manner
distinctadjective — recognizably different; clearly separate or unique (also: recognizably different in nature)
distractedverb/adjective — unable to concentrate due to being preoccupied; diverted from attention
diverseadjective — showing great variety; including people of different types
doubtsnoun/verb — feelings of uncertainty; questions or reservations
drainedverb/adjective — depleted of energy or resources; emptied of liquid
drawnverb/adjective — pulled or attracted; depicted with lines; looking strained or tired
dulladjective — lacking interest or excitement
dynamicadjective — characterized by constant change or activity; energetic and forceful
earnestadjective — sincere and serious in intention; showing deep conviction
easilyadverb — without difficulty or effort; readily
efficientadjective — achieving maximum productivity with minimum wasted effort
elegantadjective — graceful and stylish in appearance
elementaryadjective — relating to the basic elements; simple
emptyadjective — containing nothing; without value or meaning
enhanceverb — to intensify, increase, or improve the quality or value of
ensuringverb — making certain that something happens or is the case
enteringverb — coming or going into a place; beginning to be involved in
enthusiasmnoun — intense and eager enjoyment, interest, or approval
equivalentadjective — equal in value, function, or meaning
essentialadjective — absolutely necessary; extremely important
esteemnoun/verb — respect and admiration; to regard highly
eternaladjective — lasting or existing forever
ethicaladjective — relating to moral principles
evaluateverb — to assess or judge the value, quality, or importance of
evaluatedverb — assessed or judged the value, quality, or importance of
evidencenoun — information indicating whether something is true or valid; proof
evidentadjective — clearly seen or understood
examplesnoun — things that serve as models or illustrations; instances
excitedadjective — very enthusiastic and eager; emotionally aroused
existencenoun — the fact or state of living or being; continued survival
expandverb — to increase in size, number, or importance; to unfold or spread out
expensiveadjective — costing a lot of money; high in price
experimentnoun/verb — a scientific test to discover something unknown; to try something new
explainsverb — makes something clear by describing it in detail
explicitadjective — stated clearly and in detail
exploitnoun/verb — to use selfishly for profit; a bold or daring achievement
exposedverb/adjective — revealed or uncovered; left unprotected or vulnerable
exposurenoun — the state of being exposed to something; experience or contact with
exquisiteadjective — extremely beautiful and delicate
extendedverb/adjective — made longer in duration or scope; stretched out
extensiveadjective — covering a large area; having a wide scope or range
extraordinaryadjective — very unusual or remarkable; beyond what is ordinary
fearfuladjective — feeling afraid; showing fear
feasibleadjective — possible and practical to accomplish; likely to succeed
featuredverb/adjective — given special prominence; included as a main element
fertileadjective — capable of producing abundantly
finishingnoun/verb — completing or bringing to an end; the final treatment of a surface
fleetadjective — fast and nimble in movement
flexibleadjective — capable of bending easily without breaking
followverb — to go or come after; to act according to instructions
followedverb — went or came after; acted according to instructions
forgottenverb/adjective — no longer remembered; neglected or overlooked
fulladjective — containing as much as possible; complete
fundamentaladjective — forming a necessary base or core
gainingverb — acquiring or obtaining something; increasing in amount or degree
generousadjective — showing a readiness to give more
gentleadjective — mild, soft, or kind in manner or action; not harsh or severe
genuineadjective — truly what something is said to be; authentic and sincere
getverb — to obtain, receive, or come to have something
gorgeousadjective — beautiful; very attractive
guessverb — to estimate or suppose something without sufficient information to be certain
harshadjective — unpleasantly rough or severe; cruel or unkind
healthyadjective — in good physical or mental condition; conducive to good health
hearingnoun — the faculty of perceiving sounds; a legal proceeding where evidence is presented
heldverb — past tense of hold; kept in one's grasp or possession
heroicadjective — having the characteristics of a hero
hiddenadjective — kept out of sight; concealed
hidingverb — the action of concealing something or oneself
highlightverb — to emphasize or draw attention to something important
hispronoun — belonging to or associated with a male person or animal previously mentioned
honorableadjective — bringing credit or distinction
humbleadjective — having a modest view of one's importance
identicaladjective — exactly alike
identifiedverb — established or recognized the identity of something
ignorantadjective — lacking knowledge or awareness
ignoreverb — to refuse to take notice of or acknowledge; to disregard intentionally
ignoredverb — refused to take notice of; disregarded
illustratedverb — explained or made clear with examples or pictures
imagineverb — to form a mental image or concept of something not present
immediateadjective — occurring or done at once
immenseadjective — extremely large or great
immuneadjective — resistant to a particular infection or toxin; protected from something harmful
impartialadjective — treating all rivals or disputants equally; unbiased and fair
importantadjective — of great significance or value; having high rank or influence
improveverb — to make or become better; to enhance in quality or condition
improvedverb — made better; enhanced in quality or condition
incidentnoun — an event or occurrence, especially one that is unusual or unpleasant
incompleteadjective — not having all the necessary parts; unfinished
increasesverb — becomes or makes greater in size, amount, or degree
independentadjective — free from outside control; self-reliant and not dependent on others
indicatedverb — pointed out or showed; suggested as appropriate
indicatornoun — a thing that indicates the state or level of something
inevitableadjective — certain to happen; unavoidable
infiniteadjective — limitless or endless in space or time
influencenoun — the capacity to have an effect on someone's character, development, or behavior
influencedverb — had an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something
informedadjective — having knowledge of a subject
innovativeadjective — featuring new methods or ideas; original and creative
inspireverb — to fill someone with the urge to do something creative or meaningful
inspiredadjective — filled with creative motivation; guided by a divine or extraordinary influence
insultverb — to speak or treat disrespectfully
integritynoun — the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles
interestnoun — a feeling of curiosity about something; a quality that attracts attention
interpretationnoun — an explanation or understanding of the meaning of something
intriguingadjective — arousing curiosity or interest; fascinating
introducedverb — brought something into use or operation for the first time; presented formally
inventedverb — created or designed something new
invitingadjective — offering the promise of pleasure or satisfaction; attractive and tempting
involvedadjective — connected or participating in something; complicated
joiningverb — connecting or linking together; becoming a member of
judgesverb — forms an opinion about something; presides over legal proceedings
justifyverb — to show or prove to be right or reasonable; to provide adequate grounds for
lackingadjective — not having enough of something; deficient in
learnedadjective — having much knowledge acquired by study
legitimateadjective — conforming to the law or rules; able to be defended with logic
likedverb — found agreeable or enjoyable; had affection for
limitedadjective — restricted in size, amount, or extent; not unlimited (also: restricted in size or amount)
lonelyadjective — sad because of having no friends or company; isolated
lucrativeadjective — producing a great deal of profit; financially rewarding
luxuriousadjective — extremely comfortable and elegant
magnificentadjective — impressively beautiful, elaborate, or extravagant
makesverb — causes something to exist, happen, or be done; creates or produces
mandatoryadjective — required by law or rules; compulsory
matchverb — to correspond or be equal to something; to pair appropriately
materialadjective — significant or relevant
measureverb — to ascertain the size, amount, or degree of something using an instrument or standard
measuredadjective — having a slow, regular rhythm
meekadjective — quiet, gentle, and easily imposed on
minuteadjective — extremely small
misleadingadjective — giving the wrong idea or impression; deceptive
moderateadjective — average in amount, intensity, or degree; not extreme
modestadjective — unassuming about one's abilities
modifyverb — to make partial changes to something
mothernoun — a female parent; to care for or protect like a mother
motivationnoun — the reason or reasons for acting or behaving in a particular way; enthusiasm
neglectverb — to fail to care for properly; to disregard or ignore
neglectedadjective — not receiving proper attention or care; ignored
nervousadjective — easily agitated or anxious; relating to the nerves
nobleadjective — having high moral qualities
noveladjective — new and original; not like anything seen before (also: new or unusual in an interesting way)
obscureadjective — not clearly understood or easily seen; not well-known (also: not clearly expressed or easily understood)
obtainverb — to get or acquire something through effort
obtainedverb — acquired or gained through effort
obviousadjective — easily perceived or understood; clear and evident
offendedadjective — resentful or annoyed due to a perceived insult
offeredverb — presented or proposed for acceptance or rejection
ongoingadjective — continuing without interruption; still in progress
opinionnoun — a personal view or judgment not necessarily based on fact
optionaladjective — available to be chosen but not obligatory
ordinaryadjective — with no special or distinctive features; normal
organizedadjective — arranged in a systematic way; well-planned
originaladjective — present from the beginning; creative and not copied
outgoingadjective — friendly and socially confident; leaving a position
overcomeverb — to succeed in dealing with a problem or difficulty
overwhelmedadjective — overcome completely in mind or feeling; buried beneath a huge mass
paralleladjective — similar or corresponding
particularadjective — specific or individual; especially great or intense
partnershipnoun — a cooperative relationship between people or organizations
passionateadjective — showing strong feelings or beliefs
patentadjective — easily recognizable; obvious
patternsnoun — repeated decorative designs; regular forms or sequences
permanentadjective — lasting or remaining without change
personaladjective — belonging to or affecting a particular individual
pompousadjective — affectedly grand or self-important
positiveadjective — with no possibility of doubt; certain
possessionnoun — the state of having or owning something
possessionsnoun — things that one owns; belongings
powerfuladjective — having great power, influence, or effect
praiseverb — to express approval or admiration for someone or something
preciseadjective — marked by exactness and accuracy
predictedverb — stated that something would happen in the future
predictionnoun — a statement about what will happen in the future
preparedadjective — made ready for use or action; expecting something to happen
prescribedverb — recommended or authorized officially; ordered as a medical treatment
preserveverb — to maintain something in its original state; to protect from harm
prestigenoun — widespread respect and admiration based on achievement or quality
pretendingverb — acting as if something is true when it is not
pricedverb — assigned a price to something; valued at a certain amount
probabilitynoun — the likelihood that something will happen
producedverb — made or manufactured; created or brought into existence
producesverb — makes or manufactures; creates or generates
profoundadjective — very deep or intense; showing great insight
progressverb — to move forward or develop
promptadjective — done without delay
prosperousadjective — successful in material terms; flourishing
provideverb — to make available for use; to supply
providingverb — making available or supplying; on the condition that
pulledverb — exerted force to move something toward oneself; withdrew
questionnoun/verb — a sentence or phrase used to find out information; to ask or express doubt about something
questionedverb — asked questions of someone; expressed doubt about something
rapidadjective — happening in a short time
rarelyadverb — not often; seldom
reactverb — to respond or behave in a particular way in response to something
realisticadjective — having a sensible and practical idea of what can be achieved; representing things as they actually are
receiveverb — to be given, presented with, or paid something; to accept delivery of
recklessadjective — without thinking about the consequences
recognitionnoun — acknowledgment of something's existence, validity, or legality; identification of someone or something
recognizeverb — to identify someone or something from having encountered them before; to acknowledge the existence or validity of
recognizedverb — identified from previous encounters; acknowledged as valid or important
recommendverb — to suggest that someone or something would be good or suitable for a particular purpose
recommendedverb — suggested as being good or suitable; advised
reduceverb — to make smaller or less in amount, degree, or size
reducedverb/adjective — made smaller or less in amount, degree, or size
referverb — to mention or allude to; to direct someone to a source of information
refinedadjective — elegant and cultured
reflectverb — to throw back light, heat, or sound; to think deeply or carefully about something
refuseverb — to indicate that one is not willing to do something; to decline to accept
refusingverb — declining to accept or do something
regretnoun/verb — to feel sad, repentant, or disappointed over something that has happened or been done
regulateverb — to control or maintain the rate or speed of something; to control by means of rules
relateverb — to make or show a connection between; to feel sympathy or identify with
releasedverb — allowed to move or act freely; made available to the public
rememberverb — to have in or be able to bring to one's mind an awareness of past events
rememberedverb — brought to mind; recalled from memory
replacedverb — took the place of; provided a substitute for something
replacingverb — taking the place of; providing a substitute for
reportsnoun/verb — gives a spoken or written account of something; formal accounts or statements
representativenoun/adjective — typical of a class or group; a person chosen to act or speak for others
representedverb — acted or spoke on behalf of; symbolized or stood for
reputationnoun — the beliefs or opinions that are generally held about someone or something
requireverb — to need for a particular purpose; to demand as necessary
requiredverb/adjective — needed for a particular purpose; officially compulsory
requirementnoun — something that is needed or demanded; a necessary condition
requiresverb — needs for a particular purpose; demands as necessary
reservenoun/verb — to keep back for future use; a supply kept for use when needed
reservedverb/adjective — kept for future use; slow to reveal emotions or opinions
resilientadjective — able to withstand or recover quickly from difficult conditions
resolvedverb/adjective — settled or found a solution to a problem; firmly determined to do something
respectedverb/adjective — admired deeply as a result of one's abilities, qualities, or achievements
responsibleadjective — having an obligation to do something; being the primary cause of something
responsiveadjective — reacting quickly and positively to suggestions or influences
restraintnoun — the action of keeping something under control; self- control
restrictedverb/adjective — limited in extent, number, or scope; not open to everyone
retainverb — to continue to have; to keep possession of
revealverb — to make known something previously secret or unknown
reviewedverb — examined or assessed something formally; wrote a critical evaluation
righteousadjective — morally right or justifiable
rigidadjective — unable to bend or be forced out of shape
rigorousadjective — extremely thorough and careful
riskyadjective — full of the possibility of danger, failure, or loss
routinenoun/adjective — a sequence of actions regularly followed; performed as part of a regular procedure
runningnoun/verb/adjective — moving at a speed faster than walking; the action of managing or operating
satisfyingadjective — giving fulfillment or pleasure; meeting expectations
saturatedadjective — thoroughly soaked; holding as much water or moisture as possible
scalenoun/verb — the relative size or extent of something; a system of measurement
scheduledverb/adjective — planned for a certain time; arranged according to a timetable
schemenoun/verb — a large-scale systematic plan; a secret or underhanded plan
selectverb/adjective — to carefully choose as being the best or most suitable
sensitiveadjective — quick to detect or respond to slight changes; easily offended or upset
settledverb/adjective — resolved or reached an agreement; established residence in a place
significantadjective — sufficiently great or important to be worthy of attention; meaningful
similaradjective — resembling without being identical; having characteristics in common
simpleadjective — easily understood or done; not elaborate or complicated
simplyadverb — in a straightforward or plain manner; merely; just
sincereadjective — free from deceit; honest
sketchnoun/verb — a rough or unfinished drawing; to make a rough drawing of
skilledadjective — having or showing the knowledge and ability to perform a task well
slyadjective — having cunning and deceit
smugadjective — having excessive pride in oneself
sourcenoun/verb — a place, person, or thing from which something originates
sovereignadjective — possessing supreme power
stagedverb/adjective — presented or performed on stage; planned and carried out deliberately
stainedverb/adjective — marked or discolored with something difficult to remove
standardnoun/adjective — a level of quality or attainment; used or accepted as normal or average
staticadjective — lacking movement, action, or change
steadilyadverb — in a regular and even manner; gradually and consistently
stemverb — to stop or restrict the flow of
structuredadjective — planned or organized according to a framework
strugglingverb/adjective — striving to achieve something in the face of difficulty
stubbornadjective — having or showing dogged determination
substantialadjective — of considerable importance, size, or worth; solidly built
subtleadjective — so delicate or precise as to be difficult to analyze or describe; not obvious
successfuladjective — accomplishing a desired aim or result; having achieved fame or prosperity
suggestverb — to put forward for consideration; to cause one to think of something
suitableadjective — right or appropriate for a particular person, purpose, or situation
superioradjective — higher in quality or status
surprisenoun/verb — an unexpected event; to cause someone to feel astonishment
surprisingadjective — causing astonishment or wonder; unexpected
suspectnoun/verb/adjective — to believe something is likely or true without proof; a person thought to be guilty
suspiciousadjective — having or showing cautious distrust; causing one to suspect something is wrong
swiftadjective — happening quickly or promptly
systematicadjective — done according to a fixed plan
takeverb — to get into one's hands or possession; to grasp or seize
tangibleadjective — perceptible by touch; clear and definite
tediousadjective — long, slow, and tiresome; boring due to length or monotony
temporaryadjective — lasting for only a limited time
theorynoun — a supposition or system of ideas intended to explain something based on general principles
thrivingadjective — prospering; flourishing
tolerateverb — to allow the existence or occurrence of something without interference; to endure
towardpreposition — in the direction of; approaching
tracenoun/verb — to find or discover by investigation; a mark or line left by something
tracedverb — followed or discovered the course or origin of something
traditionaladjective — existing in or as part of a tradition; long-established
transitionnoun — the process of changing from one state to another
transparentadjective — allowing light to pass through so objects can be seen clearly; open and honest (also: easy to perceive; obvious)
triggerverb — to cause an event or situation to happen
trustworthyadjective — able to be relied on as honest
uncertainadjective — not able to be relied on; not known or definite
uncertaintynoun — the state of being unsure or doubtful; something that is not known
uniformadjective — remaining the same in all cases; consistent and unchanging
universaladjective — relating to or affecting all people or things in the world; applicable everywhere
unknownadjective — not known or familiar; not discovered or identified
uprightadjective — strictly honorable or honest
usefuladjective — able to be used for a practical purpose; helpful
uselessadjective — not fulfilling or not expected to achieve the intended purpose; pointless
vagueadjective — of uncertain, indefinite, or unclear character or meaning
vainadjective — having excessive pride in one's appearance
validateverb — to confirm or prove the truth or accuracy of something
validatedverb — confirmed or proved to be true, accurate, or justified
variablenoun/adjective — not consistent or having a fixed pattern; liable to change
variedadjective — incorporating a number of different types
vastadjective — of very great extent or quantity
versatileadjective — able to adapt to many different functions
vitaladjective — absolutely necessary or important
vividadjective — producing powerful feelings or strong, clear images in the mind; intensely bright (also: producing powerful feelings or clear images)
volatileadjective — liable to change rapidly and unpredictably
warnedverb — informed someone in advance of a possible danger or problem
wastenoun/verb — to use or expend carelessly or to no purpose; unwanted material
watchedverb — looked at or observed attentively over a period of time
wealthyadjective — having a great deal of money or assets
widespreadadjective — found or distributed over a large area or among many people
worriedadjective — feeling or showing anxiety or unease about actual or potential problems
yieldverb — to produce or provide; to give way to pressure or demands
yieldingadjective — giving way under pressure